Nutrients in our body changed into energy. Digestive process in our body produce nutrients. Produced food was burned in the cells produce energy. At the time of changing nutrients into energy, cells produce waste.
Waste generated in the form of residual metabolic substances, these substances aren’t used anymore by the body. Therefore, this substance must be removed so as not to poison the body. The process of disposal of these substances is called the process of spending the rest of metabolism or excretion. Waste substances are excreted out the body by excretion organs, ie. kidney, skin, lung, and liver.
1. Kidney Disorders
Kidney function can be disrupted due to bacterial infection, inflammation, kidney stones, and so forth. If one kidney is not functioning or impaired, then the other kidney will take over the duties of the first kidney. But the kidneys can be damaged both of them and this would have fatal consequences because urea will be buried in the body and cause death. The following are disorders and diseases of the kidney.
a. Kidney stones
Kidney stones caused by calcium salt deposition in the kidney that inhibits the release of urine and cause pain. This disease can be treated with surgery and laser beams. The goal of surgery to remove the potassium salt deposits. The aim of using laser light to break the deposition of calcium salts.
b. Kidney inflammation (nephritis)
Kidney inflammation called nephritis. Kidney inflammation caused by damage to the nephron, especially the glomerulus caused by bacterial infection. Damage to the nephrons lead to urine back into the blood and the absorption of water becomes disrupted causing swelling in the foot. Nephritis patients can be cured with a kidney transplant or regular dialysis. Wash the blood is usually performed to get a donor kidney patients who have tissue compatibility with the organs of the patient.
c. Renal failure
Kidney failure occurs when one kidney is not functioning. Kidney failure is one of the duties will be taken over by the other kidney. However, this situation will continue to generate very high risk. Why is that? Because the causes accumulation of urea in the body and death. This disease can be overcome with a kidney transplant or use of artificial kidney until the original kidney function can return.
2. Disorders of the skin
Disorders and diseases associated with the skin often we find in everyday life. There are diseases that are not harmful and dangerous. Common skin disorders are as follows.
a.Urticaria
Urticaria caused by cold air, food allergies, and chemical allergies. Urticaria marked by the emergence of small bump-bump that is not uniform and itch.
Urticaria may take several hours and can also lasted for days. If the disease is caused by allergies, the way of prevention is to avoid food and chemical products that cause allergies. Treatment can be done using a prescription given by a physician.
b. Ringworm
Ringworm is a type of fungus that infects the skin. The infection is characterized by the emergence of circular patches on the skin. Prevention of disease is done by keeping the skin dry and not humid. Treatment performed with anti-fungal drugs.
c. Psoriasis
Psoriasis can not be completely cured, but treatment can reduce symptoms regularly become invisible. The resulting symptoms are skin redness that can occur on the scalp, elbows, back and knee. The exact cause of this disease can not be determined, but results from many studies of this disease caused by disorders of the immune system.
There are two types of white blood cells that play a role in our immune system, namely T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes In psoriaris activation of T lymphocytes occurs abnormally in the skin. This causes the skin to become inflamed excessively.
d. Skin cancer
Skin cancer caused by excessive sunlight reception. The disease is more frequently attacked people who were white or light, because skin color is more sensitive to sunlight. Prevention can be done with sunscreen or avoid contact with too much sunlight.
3. Disorders of the liver
Liver disease can be caused by a viral infection, not the workings of the liver and bile. Disorders and diseases related to heart diseases such as hepatitis and jaundice.
a. Hepatitis
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver caused by a virus. There are several kinds of hepatitis viruses, such as viral hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus is more dangerous than hepatitis caused by viral hepatitis A. Hepatitis can be prevented by vaccination.
b. Jaundice
Jaundice is caused by a clogged bile ducts resulting in bile can not be drawn into the duodenum, so that entry into the blood and the blood color to yellow. The patient looked pale yellowish skin, the whites of the eyes yellowish ball, and nails yellow. This happens because there are blood vessels throughout the body that carry blood because it mixes with yellowish bile.
4. Disturbances in lung
The main cause that makes the lungs are not functioning optimally viral and bacterial infections and air pollution. Air pollution caused by factory smoke, vehicles, combustion, and cigarette smoke. Diseases of the lungs such as asthma, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and lung cancer.
a. Asthma
Asthma is known as bronchospasm caused by asthma. Asthma is a narrowing of the main bronchi of the lungs. Symptoms of the disease is characterized by difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. The disease isn’t contagious and is declining. Environmental conditions where the air is unhealthy or has been contaminated will trigger asthma attacks.
b. Tuberculosis (TB)
Tuberculosis is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacteria attacks the lungs so that there is on the inside of the alveolus in pimples. TB can cause death. Most people infected by the tuberculosis bacterium tuberculosis without symptoms, this is called latent tuberculosis. If patients with latent tuberculosis do not receive treatment will develop become active tuberculosis.
Active tuberculosis is a condition in which the immune system unable to fight the tuberculosis bacteria contained in the body, causing infections mainly in the lungs.
TB can be overcome with therapy. TB therapy can be performed is as follows:
* Users of BCG vaccine (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) BCG vaccine can be given from the baby. Protection afforded by BCG vaccine can last for 10-15 years, so at age 12-15 years can be re-vaccination.
* Treatment of patients with latent tuberculosis.
* Treatment of active tuberculosis by using antibiotics for more than six months should not be broken.
c. Pneumonia
The disease is caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi that infect the lungs, especially in the alveoli. This disease causes oxygen difficult to enter because the alveolus filled with fluid.